App. Res. of Comp. Accepted Paper
Vol. 43, 2026 No. 7

Lightweight multi-factor authentication key exchange protocol based on lattice cryptography

Yuan Yubo1a
Xiao Weien1a
Wu Qianqian1b
Huang Xin1b,2,3
1. a. College of Computer Science and Technology(College of Data Science), b. College of Artificial Intelligence, Taiyuan University of Technology, JinZhong 030600, China
2. Guangxi Key Lab of Multi-source Information Mining & Security, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
3. The State Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Data Security, Zhejiang University Zhejiang 310000, China
DOI: 10.19734/j.issn.1001-3695.2025.08.0441

Abstract

With the rapid advancement of quantum computing, the Internet of Things (IoT) is facing severe authentication-security challenges. Most existing Authentication Key Exchange (AKE) protocols rest on mathematical hard problems such as discrete logarithms or large integer factorization; these choices proved quantum-vulnerable and imposed heavy computational and communication costs that disqualified the protocols from resource-constrained IoT devices. To overcome these drawbacks, this paper proposed a lattice-based lightweight multi-factor AKE protocol, constructed it from the Ring Learning With Errors (RLWE) problem to resist quantum attacks, and integrated passwords, biometrics and smart cards into the lattice cryptosystem to realise a multi-factor authentication mechanism that satisfies the high-security demands of IoT environments. The scheme's security was formally analysed in the Real-or-Random (ROR) model and informally evaluated against known attacks; the analysis shows resistance to signal-leakage and other known attacks. Experimental results show that, compared with similar schemes, the proposed protocol incurs lower computational costs and enjoys reduced communication overhead, making it well suited to resource-constrained IoT devices.

Foundation Support

山西省科技成果转化引导专项(202204021301043)
广西多源信息挖掘与安全重点实验室开放基金资助项目(MIMS24-09)
浙江大学区块链与数据安全全国重点实验室开放课题资助项目(A2516)

Publish Information

DOI: 10.19734/j.issn.1001-3695.2025.08.0441
Publish at: Application Research of Computers Accepted Paper, Vol. 43, 2026 No. 7

Publish History

[2026-03-27] Accepted Paper

Cite This Article

原煜博, 肖为恩, 吴倩倩, 等. 一种基于格的轻量级多因素认证密钥交换协议 [J]. 计算机应用研究, 2026, 43 (7). (2026-03-27). https://doi.org/10.19734/j.issn.1001-3695.2025.08.0441. (Yuan Yubo, Xiao Weien, Wu Qianqian, et al. Lightweight multi-factor authentication key exchange protocol based on lattice cryptography [J]. Application Research of Computers, 2026, 43 (7). (2026-03-27). https://doi.org/10.19734/j.issn.1001-3695.2025.08.0441. )

About the Journal

  • Application Research of Computers Monthly Journal
  • Journal ID ISSN 1001-3695
    CN  51-1196/TP

Application Research of Computers, founded in 1984, is an academic journal of computing technology sponsored by Sichuan Institute of Computer Sciences under the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province.

Aiming at the urgently needed cutting-edge technology in this discipline, Application Research of Computers reflects the mainstream technology, hot technology and the latest development trend of computer application research at home and abroad in a timely manner. The main contents of the journal include high-level academic papers in this discipline, the latest scientific research results and major application results. The contents of the columns involve new theories of computer discipline, basic computer theory, algorithm theory research, algorithm design and analysis, blockchain technology, system software and software engineering technology, pattern recognition and artificial intelligence, architecture, advanced computing, parallel processing, database technology, computer network and communication technology, information security technology, computer image graphics and its latest hot application technology.

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