App. Res. of Comp. Accepted Paper
Vol. 43, 2026 No. 9

Survey on learning integer arithmetic based on transformer

Song Yuxuan1,2
Chen Changbo1,2
1. Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
2. Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
DOI: 10.19734/j.issn.1001-3695.2025.12.0526

Abstract

Integer arithmetic serves as the foundation of symbolic computation and mathematical reasoning. While Transformer-based large language models have significantly advanced natural language processing, their competence in mathematical reasoning increasingly stands as a key criterion for assessing model performance. Although several surveys have systemically summarized researches on mathematical reasoning with Transformer, a detailed analysis of progress in learning integer arithmetic using such model remains lacking. To provide a reference for further investigation, this paper first introduces technologies in Transformers and large language models, followed by a systematic review of studies on integer arithmetic learning based on Transformer, where we partition existing works into those employing models trained from scratch and those utilizing pretrained models by technological approaches. We then subdivided the latter into in-context learning and finetuning. Furthermore, the paper also presents a comparison and relevance analysis, in which we investigate learning mechanisms of integer arithmetic and then report a summary and analysis of relevant datasets. Finally, the paper discusses current challenges and potential research directions, with the aim of informing future research towards more advanced computation and reasoning tasks.

Foundation Support

国家重点研发计划(2023YFA1009402)
重庆英才计划青年拔尖项目(2021000263)

Publish Information

DOI: 10.19734/j.issn.1001-3695.2025.12.0526
Publish at: Application Research of Computers Accepted Paper, Vol. 43, 2026 No. 9

Publish History

[2026-06-02] Accepted Paper

Cite This Article

宋宇轩, 陈长波. 基于Transformer的整数运算学习综述 [J]. 计算机应用研究, 2026, 43 (9). (2026-06-02). https://doi.org/10.19734/j.issn.1001-3695.2025.12.0526. (Song Yuxuan, Chen Changbo. Survey on learning integer arithmetic based on transformer [J]. Application Research of Computers, 2026, 43 (9). (2026-06-02). https://doi.org/10.19734/j.issn.1001-3695.2025.12.0526. )

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  • Application Research of Computers Monthly Journal
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    CN  51-1196/TP

Application Research of Computers, founded in 1984, is an academic journal of computing technology sponsored by Sichuan Institute of Computer Sciences under the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province.

Aiming at the urgently needed cutting-edge technology in this discipline, Application Research of Computers reflects the mainstream technology, hot technology and the latest development trend of computer application research at home and abroad in a timely manner. The main contents of the journal include high-level academic papers in this discipline, the latest scientific research results and major application results. The contents of the columns involve new theories of computer discipline, basic computer theory, algorithm theory research, algorithm design and analysis, blockchain technology, system software and software engineering technology, pattern recognition and artificial intelligence, architecture, advanced computing, parallel processing, database technology, computer network and communication technology, information security technology, computer image graphics and its latest hot application technology.

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